Early Life
Malcolm X was
born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louis
Norton Little, was a homemaker occupied with the family's eight children. His
father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of
Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey.
Earl's civil
rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization
Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm's fourth
birthday. Regardless of the Little's efforts to elude the Legion, in 1929 their
Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground, and two years later Earl's
mutilated body was found lying across the town's trolley tracks when Malcolm
was only six. Louise had an emotional breakdown several years after the death
of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were
split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages.
Malcolm was a
smart, focused student and graduated from junior high at the top of his class.
However, when a favorite teacher told Malcolm his dream of becoming a lawyer
was "no realistic goal for a nigger," Malcolm lost interest in school
and eventually dropped out at the age of fifteen. Learning the ways of the
streets, Malcolm became acquainted with hoodlums, thieves, dope peddlers, and
pimps. Convicted of burglary at twenty, he remained in prison until the age of
twenty-seven. During his prison stay he attempted to educate himself. In
addition, during his period in prison he learned about and joined the Nation of
Islam, studying the teachings of Elijah Muhammed fully. He was released, a
changed man, in 1952.
The 'Nation of Islam'
Upon his
release, Malcolm went to Detroit, joined the daily activities of the sect, and
was given instruction by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm's personal commitment
helped build the organization nation-wide, while making him an international
figure. He was interviewed on major television programs and by magazines, and
spoke across the country at various universities and other forums. His power
was in his words, which so vividly described the plight of blacks and vehemently
incriminated whites. When a white person referred to the fact that some
Southern university had enrolled black freshmen without bayonets, Malcolm
reacted with scorn:
When I
"slipped," the program host would leap on the bait: "Ahhh!
Indeed, Mr. Malcolm X, you can't deny that's an advance for your race!"
I'd jerk the
pole then. "I can't turn around without hearing about some 'civil rights
advance'! White people seem to think the black man ought to be shouting
'hallelujah'! Four hundred years the white man has had his foot-long knife in
the black man's back and now the white man starts to wiggle the knife out,
maybe six inches! The black man's supposed to be grateful? Why, if the white
man jerked the knife out, it's still going to leave a scar!
Although
Malcolm's words often stung with the injustices against blacks in America, the
equally racist views of the Nation of Islam kept him from accepting any whites
as sincere or capable of helping the situation. For twelve years he preached
that the white man was the devil and the "Honorable Elijah Muhammad"
was God's messenger. Unfortunately, most images of Malcolm today focus on this
period of his life, although the transformation he was about to undergo would
give him a completely different, and more important, message for the American
people.
The Change to True Islam
On March 12,
1964, impelled by internal jealousy within the Nation of Islam and revelations
of Elijah Muhammad's sexual immorality, Malcolm left the Nation of Islam with
the intention of starting his own organization:
I feel like a
man who has been asleep somewhat and under someone else's control. I feel what
I'm thinking and saying now is for myself. Before, it was for and by guidance
of another, now I think with my own mind.
Malcolm was
thirty-eight years old when he left Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam.
Reflecting on reflects that occurred prior to leaving, he said:
At one or
another college or university, usually in the informal gatherings after I had
spoken, perhaps a dozen generally white-complexioned people would come up to
me, identifying themselves as Arabian, Middle Eastern or North African Muslims
who happened to be visiting, studying, or living in the United States. They had
said to me that, my white-indicting statements notwithstanding, they felt I was
sincere in considering myself a Muslim and they felt if I was exposed to what
they always called "true Islam," I would "understand it, and
embrace it." Automatically, as a follower of Elijah, I had bridled
whenever this was said. But in the privacy of my own thoughts after several of
these experiences, I did question myself: if one was sincere in professing a
religion, why should he balk at broadening his knowledge of that religion?
Those orthodox
Muslims whom I had met, one after another, had urged me to meet and talk with a
Dr. Mahmoud Yousef Shawarbi. Then one day Dr. Shawarbi and I were introduced by
a newspaperman. He was cordial. He said he had followed me in the press; I said
I had been told of him, and we talked for fifteen or twenty minutes. We both
had to leave to make appointments we had, when he dropped on me something whose
logic never would get out of my head. He said, "No man has believed
perfectly until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself."
The Effect of the Pilgrimage
The pilgrimage
to Mecca, known as the Hajj, is a religious obligation that every orthodox
Muslim fulfills, if able, at least once in his or her lifetime. The Holy Quran
says it, "Pilgrimage to the House (of God built by the prophet Abraham) is
a duty men owe to God; those who are able, make the journey." (Quran 3:97)
Allah said:
"And proclaim the pilgrimage among men; they will come to you on foot and
upon each lean camel, they will come from every deep ravine" (Quran
22:27).
Every one of
the thousands at the airport, about to leave for Jeddah, was dressed this way.
You could be a king or a peasant and no one would know. Some powerful
personages, who were discreetly pointed out to me, had on the same thing I had
on. Once thus dressed, we all had begun intermittently calling out
"Labbayka! (Allahumma) Labbayka!" (Here I come, O Lord!) Packed in
the plane were white, black, brown, red, and yellow people, blue eyes and blond
hair, and my kinky red hair all together, brothers! All honoring the same God,
all in turn giving equal honor to each other.
That is when I
first began to reappraise the "white man." It was when I first began
to perceive that "white man," as commonly used, means complexion only
secondarily; primarily it described attitudes and actions. In America,
"white man" meant specific attitudes and actions toward the black
man, and toward all other non-white men. But in the Muslim world, I had seen
that men with white complexions were more genuinely brotherly than anyone else
had ever been. That morning was the start of a radical alteration in my whole
outlook about "white" men.
There were
tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all
colors, from blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans. But we were all
participating in the same ritual displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood
that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between
the white and the non-white. America needs to understand Islam, because this is
the one religion that erases from its society the race problem.
Throughout my
travels in the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people
who in America would have been considered white but the "white"
attitude was removed from their minds by the religion of Islam. I have never
before seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together,
irrespective of their color.
Malcolm's New Vision of America
Each hour here
in the Holy Land enables me to have greater spiritual insights into what is
happening in America between black and white. The American Negro never can be
blamed for his racial animosities, he is only reacting to four hundred years of
the conscious racism of the American whites. But as racism leads America up the
suicide path I do believe, from the experiences that I have had with them, that
the whites of the younger generation, in the colleges and universities, will
see the handwriting on the wall and many of them will turn to the spiritual
path of truth, the only way left to America to ward off the disaster that
racism inevitably must lead to.
I believe that
God now is giving the world's so-called 'Christian' white society its last
opportunity to repent and atone for the crimes of exploiting and enslaving the
world's non-white peoples. It is exactly as when God gave Pharaoh a chance to
repent. But Pharaoh persisted in his refusal to give justice to those who he
oppressed. And, we know, God finally destroyed Pharaoh.
I will never
forget the dinner at the Azzam home with Dr. Azzam. The more we talked, the
more his vast reservoir of knowledge and its variety seemed unlimited. He spoke
of the racial lineage of the descendants of Mohammad (peace be upon him) the Prophet, and he showed
how they were both black and white. He also pointed out how color, and the
problems of color which exist in the Muslim world, exist only where, and to the
extent that, that area of the Muslim world has been influenced by the West. He
said that if one encountered any differences based on attitude toward color,
this directly reflected the degree of Western influence.
The Oneness of Man under One God
It was during
his pilgrimage that he began to write some letters to his loyal assistants at
the newly formed Muslim Masjid in Harlem. He asked that his letter be
duplicated and distributed to the press:
Never have I
witnessed such sincere hospitality and the overwhelming spirit of true
brotherhood as is practiced by people of all colors and races here in this
ancient Holy Land, the House of Abraham, Mohammad, and all the other Prophets
of the Holy Scriptures (peace be on them all). For the past week, I have been utterly speechless and
spellbound by the graciousness I see displayed all around me by people of all
colors.
You may be
shocked by these words coming from me. But on this pilgrimage, what I have
seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought-patterns
previously held, and to toss aside some of my previous conclusions.
This was not
too difficult for me. Despite my firm convictions, I have always been a man who
tries to face facts, and to accept the reality of life as new experience and
new knowledge unfolds it. I have always kept an open mind, which necessary to
the flexibility that must go hand in hand with every form of intelligent search
for truth.
During the
past eleven days here in the Muslim world, I have eaten from the same plate,
drunk from the same glass, and slept in the same bed (or on the same rug) while
praying to the same God, with fellow Muslims, whose eyes were the bluest of
blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was the whitest of
white. And in the words and in the actions and in the deeds of the
"white" Muslims, I felt the same sincerity that I felt among the
black African Muslims of Nigeria, Sudan, and Ghana.
We were truly
all the same (brothers) because their belief in one God had removed the
"white" from their minds, the 'white' from their behavior, and the
'white' from their attitude.
I could see
from this, that perhaps if white Americans could accept the Oneness of God,
then perhaps, too, they could accept in reality the Oneness of Man, and cease
to measure, and hinder, and harm others in terms of their
"differences" in color.
With racism
plaguing America like an incurable cancer, the so-called "Christian"
white American heart should be more receptive to a proven solution to such a
destructive problem. Perhaps it could be in time to save America from imminent
disaster - the same destruction brought upon Germany by racism that eventually
destroyed the Germans themselves.
They asked me
what about the Hajj had impressed me the most. I said, "The brotherhood!
The people of all races, color, from all over the world coming together as one!
It has proved to me the power of the One God. All ate as one, and slept as one.
Everything about the pilgrimage atmosphere accented the Oneness of Man under
One God.
Malcolm
returned from the pilgrimage as El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz. He was afire with new
spiritual insight. For him, the struggle had evolved from the civil rights
struggle of a nationalist to the human rights struggle of an internationalist
and humanitarian.
After the Pilgrimage
White
reporters and others were eager to learn about El-Hajj Malik's newly-formed
opinions concerning themselves. They hardly believed that the man who had
preached against them for so many years could suddenly turn around and call
them brothers. To these people El-Hajj Malik had this to say:
You're asking
me "Didn't you say that now you accept white men as brothers?" Well,
my answer is that in the Muslim world, I saw, I felt, and I wrote home how my
thinking was broadened! Just as I wrote, I shared true, brotherly love with
many white-complexioned Muslims who never gave a single thought to the race, or
to the complexion, of another Muslim.
My pilgrimage
broadened my scope. It blessed me with a new insight. In two weeks in the Holy
Land, I saw what I never had seen in thirty-nine years here in America. I saw
all races, all colors, blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans in true
brotherhood! In unity! Living as one! Worshipping as one! No segregationists no
liberals; they would not have known how to interpret the meaning of those
words.
In the past,
yes, I have made sweeping indictments of all white people. I will never be
guilty of that again - as I know now that some white people are truly sincere,
that some truly are capable of being brotherly toward a black man. The true
Islam has shown me that a blanket indictment of all white people is as wrong as
when whites make blanket indictments against blacks.
To the blacks
who increasingly looked to him as a leader, El-Hajj Malik preached a new
message, quite the opposite of what he had been preaching as a minister in the
Nation of Islam:
True Islam
taught me that it takes all of the religious, political, economic,
psychological, and racial ingredients, or characteristics, to make the Human
Family and the Human Society complete.
Since I
learned the truth in Makkah, my dearest friends have come to include all kinds -
some Christians, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, agnostics, and even atheists! I have
friends who are called capitalists, Socialists, and Communists! Some of my
friends are moderates, conservatives, extremists - some are even Uncle Toms! My
friends today are black, brown, red, yellow, and white!
I said to my
Harlem street audiences that only when mankind would submit to the One God who
created all, only then would mankind even approach the "peace" of
which so much talk could be heard but toward which so little action was seen.
Too Dangerous to Last
El-Hajj
Malik's new universalistic message was the U.S. establishment's worst
nightmare. Not only was he appealing to the black masses, but to intellectuals
of all races and colors. Now he was consistently demonized by the press as
"advocating violence" and being "militant," although in
actuality he and Dr. Martin Luther King were moving closer together in outlook:
The goal has
always been the same, with the approaches to it as different as mine and Dr.
Martin Luther King's non-violent marching, that dramatizes the brutality and
the evil of the white man against defenseless blacks. And in the racial climate
of this country today, it is anybody's guess which of the "extremes"
in approach to the black man's problems might personally meet a fatal catastrophe
first "non-violent" Dr. King, or so-called "violent"
me."
El-Hajj Malik
knew fully well that he was a target of many groups. Inspite of this, he was
never afraid to say what he had to say when he had to say it. As a sort of
epitaph at the end of his autobiography, he says:
I know that
societies often have killed the people who have helped to change those
societies. And if I can die having brought any light, having exposed any
meaningful truth that will help to destroy the racist cancer that is malignant
in the body of America, then, all of the credit is due to Allah. Only the
mistakes have been mine.
The Legacy of Malcolm X
Although
El-Hajj Malik knew that he was a target for assassination, he accepted this
fact without requesting police protection. On February 21, 1965, while
preparing to give a speech at a New York hotel, he was shot by three black men.
He was three months short of forty, the age of maturity according to the Quran.
While it is clear that the Nation of Islam had something to do with the
assassination, many people believe there was more than one organization
involved. The FBI, known for its anti-black movement tendency, has been
suggested as an accomplice. We may never know for sure who was behind El-Hajj
Malik's murder, or, for that matter, the murder of other national leaders in
the early 1960s.
Malcolm X's
life has affected Americans in many important ways. His conversion must have
had an influence on Elijah Muhammad's son, Wallace Mohammad, who, after his
father's death, led the Nation of Islam's followers into orthodox Islam.
African-Americans' interest in their Islamic roots has flourished since El-Hajj
Malik's death. Alex Haley, who wrote Malcolm's autobiography, later wrote the
epic Roots about an African Muslim family's experience with slavery.
More and more
African-Americans are becoming Muslim, adopting Muslim names, or exploring
African culture. Interest in Malcolm X has seen a surge recently due to Spike
Lee's movie, Malcolm X. El-Hajj Malik is a source of pride for African-Americans,
Muslims, and Americans in general. His message is simple and clear:
I am not a
racist in any form whatever. I don't believe in any form of racism. I don't
believe in any form of discrimination or segregation. I believe in Islam. I am
a Muslim.